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- NOBEL PRIZES, Page 71Balancing Act
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- An insightful tip: diversify
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- ECONOMICS
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- The notion that investors should diversify their portfolios
- seems self-evident now. But when Harry Markowitz first proposed
- a systematic way to implement that strategy, the financial
- community scoffed and no less an economist than Milton Friedman
- was skeptical. Said he: "Harry, what's this? It's not
- mathematics; it's not economics; it's not finance."
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- Last week, more than 35 years later, the Swedish Academy
- awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics to Markowitz, a professor
- at the Baruch College of the City University of New York, and
- two colleagues who built upon his work. Sharing the honor were
- William Sharpe of Stanford University and Merton Miller of the
- University of Chicago.
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- Markowitz, 63, showed that investors fared best when they
- purchased a wide range of stocks, bonds and other assets,
- because the risks in a diversified portfolio tended to offset
- one another. That insight made Markowitz the intellectual
- father of the mutual-fund industry. Sharpe, 56, demonstrated
- that the risks and rewards of holding an asset like stock are
- linked to its volatility in relation to the rest of the market.
- For example, highly volatile stocks are the biggest winners in
- bull markets but suffer the heaviest losses in downturns.
- Sharpe has cashed in on his insights, running an investment
- advisory firm whose clients include the pension funds for AT&T
- and the state of California.
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- Miller, 67, focused on corporate finance. In a 1958 paper
- that Miller co-wrote with Franco Modigliani, the 1985 Economics
- laureate, the two men showed that the overall value of a
- company was based on the cash flow that the firm generated. As
- the overleveraged 1980s have painfully borne out, companies
- with poor cash flow tend to wind up in bankruptcy.
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